# How to add Dragino Lora/gps HAT to V3 **URL:** \ **Category:** Dragino\ **Created:** [May 27, 2021, 6:01pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120 "2021-05-27T18:01:06Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 20\ **Page:** 3
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [February 20, 2022, 7:24am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/41 "2022-02-20T07:24:43Z")
good spot, thanks. I have some additions/changes to do ---
**Author:** ![hferentschik](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/hferentschik/32/35697_2.png) [@hferentschik](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/hferentschik)\ **Post date:** [February 21, 2022, 2:29pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/42 "2022-02-21T14:29:10Z")
Hi, I also have an update. A few days ago I got my TTN gateway. It’s a [SX1302 LoRaWAN Gateway HAT](https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/SX1302_LoRaWAN_Gateway_HAT). Using [this](https://github.com/mpous/basicstation) Balena enabled basic station project, I got my gateway up and running. Turns out, my node was able to join pretty much directly the network. This part of the configuration was actually already working and I was just too far away from my nearest gateway. I had some issues sending data since I got the error "TypeError: can only concatenate list (not “) to list”. I changed the code a bit and then it worked (@bnnorman, I guess you are using a different version of Pyton!? Mine is 3.9.7). Now that I can successfully join the network and send data, I’ll try to clean up the code and make it a Balena project. I’ll update this thread once I have published the code. @bnnorman, thanks again for your code. Awesome work! –Hardy ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [February 21, 2022, 2:53pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/43 "2022-02-21T14:53:20Z")
Thanks - I am now running on RasPi Bullseye so yeah, Python 3.9.2. I know that error well. I have recently uploaded new versions with more logging but more importantly added code to ACK any CONF\_DATA\_DOWN (accidentally) sent. Without it the server continues to retry sending the message. I’m very pleased you got yours working ok and keen to see the balena version. ---
**Author:** ![mauriceatkinson](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/mauriceatkinson/32/35697_2.png) [@mauriceatkinson](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/mauriceatkinson)\ **Post date:** [March 16, 2022, 6:16pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/44 "2022-03-16T18:16:58Z")
hi @bnnorman fantastic to find your library as I have the same pi hat as you and was struggling to get it working. However I have installed and configured as per instructions but when I start test.py I get the following error code. Could you provide any pointers to the issue as my python coding knowledge is limited (but growing I hope) and I have looked through the referenced libaries but I nothing jumps out at me as an issue pi@raspberrypi:~/dragino-1 $ ./test.py Mode ← SLEEP Mode ← FSK\_STDBY Mode ← SLEEP Mode ← FSK\_STDBY Mode ← SLEEP Setting up GPS GPSDSocket.connect exception is–\> [Errno 111] Connection refused AGPS3 connection to a gpsd at ‘127.0.0.1’ on port ‘2947’ failed AGPS3 send command fail with [Errno 32] Broken pipe Traceback (most recent call last): File “/home/pi/dragino-1/./test.py”, line 21, in D.join() File “/home/pi/dragino-1/dragino/dragino.py”, line 479, in join self.configureRadio(radioSettings.JOIN) File “/home/pi/dragino-1/dragino/dragino.py”, line 162, in configureRadio freq,sf,bw=self.MAC.getJoinSettings() File “/home/pi/dragino-1/dragino/MAChandler.py”, line 223, in getJoinSettings sf,bw=self.config[self.frequency\_plan][DATA\_RATES][self.cache[DATA\_RATE]] KeyError: ‘data\_rate’ ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 16, 2022, 7:04pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/45 "2022-03-16T19:04:50Z")
This, I think, is the source of the problem. :- ```auto Setting up GPS GPSDSocket.connect exception is–> [Errno 111] Connection refused AGPS3 connection to a gpsd at ‘127.0.0.1’ on port ‘2947’ failed ``` It looks like the gpsd socket is ‘stale’ or in use. Did you check gpsd was working using something like cgps? I would stop gpsd with ```auto sudo systemctl stop gpsd ``` You will get a message about the socket. I would then delete the socket (/var/run/gpsd.sock) and start gpsd again. Check gpsd is working with cgps before running your code. Rest assured, I am using the dragino code daily developing code for the local council SpeedSign(s). Good luck ---
**Author:** ![mauriceatkinson](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/mauriceatkinson/32/35697_2.png) [@mauriceatkinson](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/mauriceatkinson)\ **Post date:** [March 16, 2022, 11:48pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/46 "2022-03-16T23:48:48Z")
Thanks for the direction. However I still have the problem. I am not sure if the cgps response is showing a gps issue though. ┌───────────────────────────────────────────┐┌──────────────────Seen 0/Used 0┐ │ Time: n/a (0) ││GNSS PRN Elev Azim SNR Use│ │ Latitude: n/a ││ │ │ Longitude: n/a ││ │ │ Alt (HAE, MSL): n/a, n/a ││ │ │ Speed: n/a ││ │ │ Track (true, var): n/a deg ││ │ │ Climb: n/a ││ │ │ Status: NO FIX (0 secs) ││ │ │ Long Err (XDOP, EPX): n/a , n/a ││ │ │ Lat Err (YDOP, EPY): n/a , n/a ││ │ │ Alt Err (VDOP, EPV): n/a , n/a ││ │ │ 2D Err (HDOP, CEP): n/a , n/a ││ │ │ 3D Err (PDOP, SEP): n/a , n/a ││ │ │ Time Err (TDOP): n/a ││ │ │ Geo Err (GDOP): n/a ││ │ │ ECEF X, VX: n/a n/a ││ │ │ ECEF Y, VY: n/a n/a ││ │ │ ECEF Z, VZ: n/a n/a ││ │ │ Speed Err (EPS): n/a ││ │ │ Track Err (EPD): n/a ││ │ │ Time offset: n/a ││ │ │ Grid Square: n/a ││ │ └───────────────────────────────────────────┘└─────────────────────────────────┘ pi@raspberrypi:~ $ cgps -s cgps: caught signal 2 cgps: caught signal 2 pi@raspberrypi:~ $ cd dragino-1 pi@raspberrypi:~/dragino-1 $ ./test.py Mode ← SLEEP Mode ← FSK\_STDBY Mode ← SLEEP Mode ← FSK\_STDBY Mode ← SLEEP Setting up GPS Traceback (most recent call last): File “/home/pi/dragino-1/./test.py”, line 21, in D.join() File “/home/pi/dragino-1/dragino/dragino.py”, line 479, in join self.configureRadio(radioSettings.JOIN) File “/home/pi/dragino-1/dragino/dragino.py”, line 162, in configureRadio freq,sf,bw=self.MAC.getJoinSettings() File “/home/pi/dragino-1/dragino/MAChandler.py”, line 223, in getJoinSettings sf,bw=self.config[self.frequency\_plan][DATA\_RATES][self.cache[DATA\_RATE]] KeyError: ‘data\_rate’ I am not sure what I am doing wrong. ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 17, 2022, 8:18am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/48 "2022-03-17T08:18:26Z")
**Firstly GPSD:** This looks like GPSD hasn’t found the serial port the GPS is working on. It should be /dev/ttyAMA0 (zero on the end) - well, that’s what my Pi has connected to. I had a similar problem and had to edit /etc/default/gpsd and make sure it had DEVICES="/dev/ttyAMA0". Restart the GPSD and run cgps again. If that fails, stop gpsd then check /dev/ttyAMA0 exists and that it is owned by root with group dialout I think I’ll add some notes to the readme because I had the same problems. And so had others on the www. **Regarding KeyError: ‘data\_rate’** This tells me that the data\_rate entry is missing from the cache.json. I think I saw that a while back and fixed it. Please look at the end of dragino/Strings.py - you should find this:- ```auto # these settings are cached # MAC settings which can be changed by a downlink msg containing MAC commands MAC_SETTINGS=[ FCNTUP,FCNTDN,RX1_DELAY,RX2_DELAY,RX1_DR, RX2_DR,RX1_FREQ_FIXED, RX1_FREQUENCY,RX2_FREQUENCY,DUTY_CYCLE,LORA_FREQS,DATA_RATE ] ``` Check that DATA\_RATE is present at the end. This list is used to populate the cache.json with default values. If you have an earlier version of Strings.py and have to change it then delete cache.json to allow it to be re-created. Good luck ---
**Author:** ![mauriceatkinson](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/mauriceatkinson/32/35697_2.png) [@mauriceatkinson](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/mauriceatkinson)\ **Post date:** [March 17, 2022, 9:50am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/49 "2022-03-17T09:50:23Z")
Thanks. GPS - looks fixed Data rate - i had the same settings in string.py as you oulined. I deleted cache.json and things moved forward. The error now is the following: pi@raspberrypi:~/dragino-1 $ ./test.py Mode ← SLEEP Mode ← FSK\_STDBY Mode ← SLEEP Mode ← FSK\_STDBY Mode ← SLEEP Setting up GPS Waiting for JOIN ACCEPT Joined Mode ← RXCONT Sent Hello World message Traceback (most recent call last): File “/home/pi/dragino-1/./test.py”, line 32, in while D.transmitting(): TypeError: ‘bool’ object is not callable ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 17, 2022, 10:12am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/50 "2022-03-17T10:12:49Z")
while D.transmitting(): ← remove the brackets : I’ll check the repo ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 17, 2022, 10:14am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/51 "2022-03-17T10:14:57Z")
Yup, my BAD - corrected on github now. ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 17, 2022, 10:28am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/52 "2022-03-17T10:28:11Z")
Just a reminder. In UK we have a 1% duty cycle limit so if your transmission takes 0.01 seconds you have to wait a further 0.9 seconds before you transmit again. (Legal) On TTN you have a max of 30s per day transmit time. ---
**Author:** ![Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/gul-dukat/32/35697_2.png) [@Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/Gul-Dukat)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 9:52am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/53 "2022-03-20T09:52:49Z")
Heya Brian. Thanks for all your really great work so far getting the TTNv3 updates done. I have been for some time [you might recall some of my attempts previously [OTAA March 2021 attempts](https://github.com/computenodes/dragino/issues/6) ] been trying to get this setup to work under AU915. Where we have a semi-unique situation where as the TX and RX frequencies are different. So I am at it again, I have [forked your excellent work](https://github.com/Dukat-Gul/BNNorman-dragino-1) and tried to make the AU915 changes to mine, so that once successful I could send you a pull request. Even with your current RX2 being a fixed freq and my modifications to make RX1 also fixed I can still not for the life of me see any RX downlink messages. TTN is seeing the OTAA request fro the RAK7246 gateway- ![image](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/uploads/default/original/3X/5/2/52355aacb8739b4277f648facc4a50e5d51c6951.png) TTN Application is also seeing the request - ![image](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/uploads/default/original/3X/4/2/42044a015c12a7f7041517a93d632730f17bb217.png) And from what I can tell, the RX is being processed - when I see the reports on the gateway the counter for the TX increments. ![image](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/uploads/default/original/3X/3/2/32264495f0f1a682e526ee1480d87c80f8cf5d4f.png) So I am seeking your guidance please as to what else I can try to include in the code for the AU915 to be functional. ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 10:46am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/54 "2022-03-20T10:46:37Z")
Always remember that the dragino.toml is an initial starting point and values can be modified by MAC commands and current values are cached in cache.json as per LoRaWAN spec (end device must store xyz). Here in UK the RX1 frequency is the same as the transmit frequency - which is a random choice from the lora\_freqs in dragino.toml - but the RX2 is fixed. If you have joined TTN the evidence of the current state will be in cache.json. If the node is powered off cache.json is restored and a new join is not required. Ok, if you joined TTN then there was a downlink from TTN to provide you with devaddr and session keys. Those will be in cache.json - further evidence of downlinks. If you power up your node and it ALWAYS re-joins it indicates there is no devaddr in cache.json and that would indicate no downlink (JOIN\_ACCEPT) was received. Hope that helps Where next? I assume you are using logging. if you have left the logging level at logging.DEBUG then you will have a heck of a lot of information in it -possibly too much to email to me. If you can place it on a google drive and message the link to me I’ll take a look. Regards Brian ---
**Author:** ![Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/gul-dukat/32/35697_2.png) [@Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/Gul-Dukat)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 11:08am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/55 "2022-03-20T11:08:22Z")
> [@bnnorman](#): > > estored and a new join is n Thanks for the prompt reply. Yeah I am aware you are in the position to have the shared RX / TX frequencies. I have looked extensively at the cache.json file and I do not get any real sense for any of the attempts and adjustments that I have ever managed to complete the join for OTAA. I do not believe the request to change to the RX1 freq or even the RX2 freq is happening. I do have some logs, happy to share as much as you want. Ive sent a msg with contact details. Hope you get that and I can share some logs or even ssh access to have a play if it comes to that 🙂 ---
**Author:** ![descartes](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/descartes/32/47220_2.png) [@descartes](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/descartes)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 11:23am UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/56 "2022-03-20T11:23:06Z")
I really really am going to make me an RFM95 hat to take this for a spin. If only so I can revel in the strange sentences in the code that start with # - don’t see many of these now-a-days! But mostly so I can dig in to the details of the Russian dolls that is the structure of the LoRaWAN packet - using LoRaWAN MAC is one thing, knowing the MAC is another and I find reading different implementations helps such dense material sink in. On your next update of the repro, couple of notes for you to consider some alterations to the readme: > TTN Fair use policy limits you to 10 downlinks per 24 hour period. The consensus on the forum is that a downlink per fortnight is a good design, 10 a day per device in an area of deployment could actually result in a substantial number of lost uplinks as the gateway will be deaf to all & any uplinks whilst transmitting the downlink. The LinkCheck will also trigger a gateway transmission but I can see that it’s not automagically triggered in the firmware (regional parameters set a suggested count of uplinks before doing a LinkCheck but that’s deep in to the details). I’ll figure out some weasel words for consideration later. > The TTN servers only send downlinks after an uplink - I assume that is so TTN doesn’t send messages to someone who isn’t listening. It’s because that’s the LoRaWAN spec for Class A - when device sends an uplink it then listens on Rx1 & Rx2 windows for any incoming messages. It’s not unique to TTN. As for the GPS issues, a perpetual issue with opening & closing ports & the like on the Pi, maybe it could be turned off by default so that people can get over the challenge of LoRaWAN before making things more complicated? ---
**Author:** ![Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/gul-dukat/32/35697_2.png) [@Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/Gul-Dukat)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 12:36pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/57 "2022-03-20T12:36:01Z")
[AU915 Background info](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/future-strategies-for-au915-and-as923-in-australia/44218) > [@Future Strategies for AU915 and AS923 in Australia](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/future-strategies-for-au915-and-as923-in-australia/44218/2): > > TTN in AU915 is located in FSB2 which means the Nodes transmit on all 8 channels from 916,8 MHz to 918.2 MHz. The gateway responds further up the band on 923.9 MHz > > An important thing to realise is the uplink and downlink channels are different, they don’t overlap and are sufficiently separated not to interfere with each other. ---
**Author:** ![Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/gul-dukat/32/35697_2.png) [@Gul-Dukat](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/Gul-Dukat)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 12:38pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/58 "2022-03-20T12:38:28Z")
> [@descartes](#): > > As for the GPS issues, a perpetual issue with opening & closing ports & the like on the Pi, maybe it could be turned off by default so that people can get over the challenge of LoRaWAN before making things more complicated? Not sure it’s always required to open and close ports. Gpsd does operate locally as a port but some of the python implementations for the gps read the nmea data directly from the serial stream and process the changes/data to calculate the long/lat/altitude and time information. ---
**Author:** ![TonySmith](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/tonysmith/32/46334_2.png) [@TonySmith](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/TonySmith)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 1:15pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/59 "2022-03-20T13:15:30Z")
To add some more detail there are 8 uplink channels from the node to Gateway in FSB2, ie channels 8, 9, 10 … 14 and 15. If the network responds and the Gateway transmits it is on one of 8 downlink channels. The first downlink is selected if the uplink was on channel 8, the second downlink channel if the uplink was on channel 9 and so on. The downlink channels are 923.3, 923.9, 924.5 and so on. My post back 12 months ago was a little vague on this exact detail as it wasn’t the purpose of that post. ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 3:27pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/60 "2022-03-20T15:27:16Z")
GPS point noted . Will do that in next update ---
**Author:** ![bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/user_avatar/www.thethingsnetwork.org/bnnorman/32/35697_2.png) [@bnnorman](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/u/bnnorman)\ **Post date:** [March 20, 2022, 3:38pm UTC](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120/61 "2022-03-20T15:38:24Z")
Tony, This sounds like my code needs changing to meet FSB2. Currently it expects RX1 freq to be the same frequency that was transmitted on - which I believe is true in UK (It is working for me after all). [Previous page](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120.md?page=2) [Next page](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/how-to-add-dragino-lora-gps-hat-to-v3/48120.md?page=4)