Heltec AB01 - my first LoraWAN sensor, need help with two issues

Hi! I’m pretty new to LoraWAN but made an attempt to build a sensor for my letterbox.

  • I’ve bought and installed a public gateway (Mikrotik LR8)
  • I’ve bought HTCC-AB01 dev board, two reed switches and a 1000mAh LiPo battery. This is my rig:

00_20210611_211651_x2048

05_20210618_171819

06_20210618_172233

11_20210618_174545

I’m not a programmer at all, but out of available examples I somehow managed to develop the code in Arduino IDE that:

  • successfully connects AB01 to TTN
  • publishes battery voltage/level and states of two reed switches to TTN, in a one hour intervals
  • publishes reed switch rising change (to state open) every time it’s opened
    As this is intended to be used in the mailbox, reed sensor would be used once per day at most.

Here’s my code:

#include "LoRaWan_APP.h"
#include "Arduino.h"

/*
 * set LoraWan_RGB to Active,the RGB active in loraWan
 * RGB red means sending;
 * RGB purple means joined done;
 * RGB blue means RxWindow1;
 * RGB yellow means RxWindow2;
 * RGB green means received done;
 */

/* OTAA para*/
uint8_t devEui[] = { 0x22, 0x32, 0x33, 0x00, 0x00, 0x88, 0x88, 0x02 };
uint8_t appEui[] = { 0x32, 0x22, 0x00, 0x00, 0x88, 0x00, 0x88, 0x00 };
uint8_t appKey[] = { 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x66, 0x01 };

/* ABP para*/
uint8_t nwkSKey[] = { 0x15, 0xb1, 0xd0, 0xef, 0xa4, 0x63, 0xdf, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x11, 0x18, 0x1e, 0x1e, 0xc7, 0xda,0x85 };
uint8_t appSKey[] = { 0xd7, 0x2c, 0x78, 0x75, 0x8c, 0xdc, 0xca, 0xbf, 0x55, 0xee, 0x4a, 0x77, 0x8d, 0x16, 0xef,0x67 };
uint32_t devAddr =  ( uint32_t )0x007e6ae1;

/*LoraWan channelsmask, default channels 0-7*/ 
uint16_t userChannelsMask[6]={ 0x00FF,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000 };

/*LoraWan region, select in arduino IDE tools*/
LoRaMacRegion_t loraWanRegion = ACTIVE_REGION;

/*LoraWan Class, Class A and Class C are supported*/
DeviceClass_t  loraWanClass = LORAWAN_CLASS;

/*the application data transmission duty cycle.  value in [ms].*/
uint32_t appTxDutyCycle = 60 * 60 * 1000;

/*OTAA or ABP*/
bool overTheAirActivation = LORAWAN_NETMODE;

/*ADR enable*/
bool loraWanAdr = LORAWAN_ADR;

/* set LORAWAN_Net_Reserve ON, the node could save the network info to flash, when node reset not need to join again */
bool keepNet = LORAWAN_NET_RESERVE;

/* Indicates if the node is sending confirmed or unconfirmed messages */
bool isTxConfirmed = LORAWAN_UPLINKMODE;

/* Application port */
uint8_t appPort = 2;

/*!
* Number of trials to transmit the frame, if the LoRaMAC layer did not
* receive an acknowledgment. The MAC performs a datarate adaptation,
* according to the LoRaWAN Specification V1.0.2, chapter 18.4, according
* to the following table:
*
* Transmission nb | Data Rate
* ----------------|-----------
* 1 (first)       | DR
* 2               | DR
* 3               | max(DR-1,0)
* 4               | max(DR-1,0)
* 5               | max(DR-2,0)
* 6               | max(DR-2,0)
* 7               | max(DR-3,0)
* 8               | max(DR-3,0)
*
* Note, that if NbTrials is set to 1 or 2, the MAC will not decrease
* the datarate, in case the LoRaMAC layer did not receive an acknowledgment
*/
uint8_t confirmedNbTrials = 4;

const int sensor1Pin = GPIO1;
const int sensor2Pin = GPIO2;
bool accelWoke = false;

int mapBatteryVoltageToLevel(int x, int in_min, int in_max, int out_min, int out_max) {
  return (x - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min;
}

/* Prepares the payload of the frame */
static bool prepareTxFrame(uint8_t port) {
  
  /*appData size is LORAWAN_APP_DATA_MAX_SIZE which is defined in "commissioning.h".
  *appDataSize max value is LORAWAN_APP_DATA_MAX_SIZE.
  *if enabled AT, don't modify LORAWAN_APP_DATA_MAX_SIZE, it may cause system hanging or failure.
  *if disabled AT, LORAWAN_APP_DATA_MAX_SIZE can be modified, the max value is reference to lorawan region and SF.
  *for example, if use REGION_CN470, 
  *the max value for different DR can be found in MaxPayloadOfDatarateCN470 refer to DataratesCN470 and BandwidthsCN470 in "RegionCN470.h".
  */

  uint8_t sensor1PinState = digitalRead(sensor1Pin);
  uint8_t sensor2PinState = digitalRead(sensor2Pin);
  uint16_t batteryVoltage = getBatteryVoltage();
  uint8_t batteryLevel = mapBatteryVoltageToLevel(batteryVoltage, 3600, 4200, 0, 100);
  appDataSize = 5;
  appData[0] = sensor1PinState;
  appData[1] = sensor2PinState;
  appData[2] = highByte(batteryVoltage);
  appData[3] = highByte(batteryVoltage);
  appData[4] = batteryLevel;
  //Serial.print(F("Battery Voltage: "));
  //Serial.println(batteryVoltage);
  //Serial.print(F("Battery Level: "));
  //Serial.println(batteryLevel);
}

void accelWakeup() {
  delay(10);
  if (digitalRead(sensor1Pin) == HIGH || digitalRead(sensor2Pin) == HIGH) {
    accelWoke = true;
    Serial.println("accel woke");
  }
}

void setup() {
	Serial.begin(115200);
   
  pinMode(sensor1Pin, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(sensor2Pin, INPUT_PULLUP);
   
#if(AT_SUPPORT)
	enableAt();
#endif
	deviceState = DEVICE_STATE_INIT;
	LoRaWAN.ifskipjoin();

  accelWoke = false;
  attachInterrupt(sensor1Pin,accelWakeup,RISING);
  attachInterrupt(sensor2Pin,accelWakeup,RISING);

}

void loop() {

  switch(deviceState) {
    case DEVICE_STATE_INIT:
    {
#if(LORAWAN_DEVEUI_AUTO)
      LoRaWAN.generateDeveuiByChipID();
#endif
#if(AT_SUPPORT)
      getDevParam();
#endif
      printDevParam();
      LoRaWAN.init(loraWanClass,loraWanRegion);
      deviceState = DEVICE_STATE_JOIN;
      break;
    }
    case DEVICE_STATE_JOIN:
    {
      LoRaWAN.join();
      break;
    }
    case DEVICE_STATE_SEND:
    {
      prepareTxFrame(appPort);
      LoRaWAN.send();
      deviceState = DEVICE_STATE_CYCLE;
      break;
    }
    case DEVICE_STATE_CYCLE:
    {
      // Schedule next packet transmission
      txDutyCycleTime = appTxDutyCycle + randr( 0, APP_TX_DUTYCYCLE_RND );
      LoRaWAN.cycle(txDutyCycleTime);
      deviceState = DEVICE_STATE_SLEEP;
      break;
    }
    case DEVICE_STATE_SLEEP:
    {
      if (accelWoke) {
        if (IsLoRaMacNetworkJoined) {

          Serial.print("sensor1Pin: ");
          Serial.println(digitalRead(sensor1Pin));
          Serial.print("sensor2Pin: ");
          Serial.println(digitalRead(sensor2Pin));
          Serial.println("Transmitting LoRaWAN");
          prepareTxFrame(appPort);
          LoRaWAN.send();

          delay(120000);
          while (digitalRead(sensor1Pin) == HIGH || digitalRead(sensor1Pin) == HIGH) {
            delay(100);
          }
          delay(1000);
          
          Serial.print("sensor1Pin: ");
          Serial.println(digitalRead(sensor1Pin));
          Serial.print("sensor2Pin: ");
          Serial.println(digitalRead(sensor2Pin));
          Serial.println("Transmitting LoRaWAN");
          prepareTxFrame(appPort);
          LoRaWAN.send();
          
        }
        accelWoke = false;
        Serial.println("accel put to sleep");
      }
      LoRaWAN.sleep();
      break;
    }
    default:
    {
      deviceState = DEVICE_STATE_INIT;
      break;
    }
  }
}

I’m facing two issues, though:

  1. Although every reed switch open (PIN change from 0 to 1) is published to TTN, I never see reed switch close (PIN change from 1 to 0) published. I suspect it’s because of transmission interval limitations, but I’ve tried postponing the second transmission by 40 and even 120 seconds - still not seeing it published in the app LiveView. Any ideas why that happens?

lora_not_published

  1. Second issue: as the code (based on examples) seems to put the device to sleep mode after each transmission, I was hoping to get at least several weeks (or even months) of battery life. Unfortunately, my battery has been drained in only one day (with only 1 transmission every hour). Why is that? Please see battery voltage/level on that screenshot:

drained

Second issue was probably because USB port active after disconnecting the cable. Board needs a reset to deactivate USB.

But first issue still unsolved.

If you want to see both going high (RISING) and going low (FALLING) then you need to adjust this code to BOTH and also the interrupt routine to look for LOW as well.

You may get some noise-induced triggers which is the reason for this check e.g. triggers on high, then checks it’s still high and not a spurious trigger. This can also be done in hardware too.

I’d suggest holding the state (OPEN/CLOSED e.g bool BoxOpen = false) and looking for HIGH or LOW based on the state you’re expecting to move to (not totally failsafe, but probably good enough). You’ll want to remove the printf('accelWoke'); eventually too…printing/doing things in interrupt routines works most of the time but isn’t a great idea long term.

Also this is going to send every hour (60 * 60 * 1000ms) regardless of the sensor changes, you can send different data (like the battery voltage) on a different appPort in DEVICE_STATE_CYCLE,and increase that timer to a day or more. e.g. if appPort == 1 then populate the sensor state into appData, if appPort == 10 then populate the battery state.

You’re monitoring two letterboxes, or the letter door and the access door? You could also reduce your transmission packet by one byte by using bits within appData[0] for each sensor. Also a bug that appData[3] or [4] should be the lowByte(batteryVoltage), but consider if sending both the battery level and the voltage is really required – the smaller the packet the lower the airtime, which lowers the power consumption and is friendlier to the environment.

Good luck, this is a project I have planned but haven’t executed.

@bwooce thanks for your answer here also.

I use RISING only as monitoring FALLING as well transmits to TTN to frequent, apparently. Letterbox door is opened usually for couple of seconds only and it seems I can’t send reports in that short interval. That’s why I decided to monitor only RISING and set a timer for 2 minutes to report [expected] door close. BUT still that second transmission is not successfull (or at least TTN Live view doesn’t show it). Still can’t figure out why.

Thanks for info on appPorts - eventually I will use that in the future for battery usage optimalization, but for now it’s easier for me to format a single payload of measurements and I need bit more reporting do debug anyway.

Yes, I use two reed switches - one for letter slot / incoming mail and one for letterbox door.
Thanks for eyeing the bug with lowByte - I’ve already corrected it!

I’ve also posted power measurements on the heltec forum: HTCC-AB01 drains 1000mAh battery in 1 day - CubeCell - Heltec Automation Technical Community
It seems the battery draw is too large in the LoRaWAN.sleep state (> 1mA).
I now get battery life of ~14 days. Better than 1 day - but I’d rather have it last a lot longer, obviously.

So both issues are still not resolved.

Given the Rx1 delay is 5 seconds, that wouldn’t be too surprising as all radios are male & therefore can’t multitask.

:smiley:
That’s why i set a timer of 120 seconds after that the radio should be able to transmit again… :slight_smile: But Device Live View still doesn’t show it

Some modules / stacks have firmware that prevents sending again within a certain amount of time. I have one from a leading brand beginning with A and ending in ino that by default does that but doesn’t tell you it hasn’t actually transmitted anything.

So you may want to try a longer time interval and/or look at the logs.

Hi @TomekN
I’m facing the same issue that my measures are logged in the console when connected via USB (Serial Monitor in ArduinoIDE) but I do not see any message in the TTN Console. How did you solve this issue?