Citizen Science LoRaWAN Heat Sensor for Urban Climate Monitoring (Open Source Project)

Hello Everyone,

I am Dongyi Ma (Mandy), a PhD student from University College London, and I’m excited to share a citizen science project to monitor urban heat using LoRaWAN-connected temperature and humidity sensors. We have 10 sensors to give out for free and we are looking for citizen scientists to deploy our sensors across London. Participants receive a sensor kit and deploy it in their own gardens or outdoor space at 2-3 meters high. Data is transmitted to The Things Network and visualised on a public map. The project aims to support microclimate analysis, heat risk research, and UHI mitigation strategies. We’re looking for collaborators, feedback, and potential contributors — especially people interested in LoRaWAN gateways, environmental sensing, or public engagement. Check out my PhD website for more detail Data - Urban Heat Sense or email me directly: dongyi.ma.21@ucl.ac.uk if you are interested! Thank you!

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And of course the deployment site needs to be in coverage of at least 1 GW connected to TTN!?

Are you supplying GW’s also or just relying on existing deployed GWs? If latter you will need to confirm coverage directly or approximately e.g. with TTN Mapper, before committing to a location for a sensor.

With approx 50-55 active GW’s at the moment the London deployment is only around 2/3rds-3/4rs of what had been in place a few years back. There are a couple of private network deployments that are in the area and are flagged as peering with TTN, but that peering does not necessarily mean traffic flows reciprocally between TTN & Private Nets and can’t be relied on (some take only vs fair exchange), also the London TTN Community radius is set wide so many GW’s (>10% of count typically) are actually outside London/M25 outer ring road and may not provide much coverage contribution into Greater London area (including a few of mine to the West/N.West). If you struggle with coverage let me know and I may be able assist as have a few GW’s potentially allocated to TTN but not yet deployed that could be available for the ‘right’ sites. I note also UCL has a small handful of GW’s deployed in the central/west central London area on various buildings - are you looking to add to those? (Again I may be able to assist if UCL can host).

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Hi Jeff, thanks for your reply. Yes, the deployment site needs to be in coverage of at least 1 GW connected to TTN. We advise our citizen scientists to check the TTN Mapper before committing to a location to ensure sufficient coverage. We are primarily relying on existing deployed GWs. However, as mentioned in my initial post, we had been supplying TTN indoor LoRaWAN gateways to citizen scientists who were outside existing coverage, but we have unfortunately run out of these indoor gateways. Improving signal coverage in London is very important for us now. UCL currently has a gateway on top of the Orbit of Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, and another one in the main campus student center. Could you please email me at dongyi.ma.21@ucl.ac.uk so we can discuss this further offline?

You are preaching to the choir here - people here generally have their own sensors - some may want another one, but mostly they already do this.

You may find that local schools are more interested if you have live published data they can look at.

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Thank you for your feedback and valuable insights. You’re right, many members here are likely to have their own sensors or are actively engaged in similar projects.

Our aim extends beyond deploying more devices. The data collected from these sensors directly contributes to my PhD research around UHI (Urban Heat Island) and rising temperatures in London. This makes it more than just “another sensor”; it’s a contribution to real time microclimate monitoring for our city. I am also exploring LoRaWAN performance in dense urban environments and I believe this community can appreciate and potentially contribute to.

You also raise an excellent point about local schools. I’m already working with GLA and 10 local schools to host sensors and engage students with live data, with papers and book chapters coming soon. This forms a valuable part of our network, but we are looking to strategically expand beyond these existing partnerships to achieve a broader, more diverse city-wide coverage and gather a richer dataset across various urban microclimates.

I am seeking collaborations and hosts for both sensors in new locations and, as discussed, potential gateway deployments to enhance signal coverage, as I guess people here may already have a gateway and some expertise on LoRaWAN.

Thank you again for your thoughtful comments and for helping us refine our approach.

Best regards,
Mandy

The theoretical coverage around the greater London area, the green area around the gateway represents 2km

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Is the design of the sensor proprietary or can it be shared with the community? It is always useful to see how sensors are designed (and ideally be able to understand why they are design that way) to learn from others.

Hi, the design has been published to IEEE and will be online by Nov, I will update it here once it’s available.

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Obviously, the audience here typically interested in the how of the LoRaWAN side so is there anything you can tell us ahead of this(*) as the only clue so far is the picture of the ‘bespoke’ sensor which looks to be an older tech solution (running LW1.02?) based on the elder statesman of the LoRaWAN world the Microchip RN2483a device with a simple(?) UART interface controller and attached (I2C?) T/T&H sensor? Possibly based on earlier UCL work from around late 2017-20? (Many of us run similar devices, including earlier TTN Uno & ThingsNode evaluation/dev boards etc., from around that time so no issue there :slight_smile: ). What would make this not ‘just’ another sensor is obviously the work being done on the acquired Data and how utilised/used. Will you be providing insight and data on the analysis of the point data or just displaying the location datapoints (any heat mapping or time based ebb and flow animation around the heat islands etc.?). Are you open to allowing other temp sensors feeding in data to your analysis or are you just looking at data from a known device type for control/repeatability etc.? (There are lots of other T/T&H sensors deployed in and around Greater London across the community likely from dozens if not hundreds of device types…T/T&H being the start point for many peoples LoRaWAN sensor journey! :wink: ). How often are you updating the ‘live’ data for each site?

(* unless a novel design or using a new technology implementation I would hazard the sensor alone is unlikely to be ‘publication worthy’ unless you have to hold back details for a paper published covering the wider system and analysis methodology? Telling the audience here what you are doing/using may allow you to solicit feedback based on their experience in this area allowing improvements and device/system efficiency gains…)

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Hi, the sensors updates every 5 mins. This is part of my PhD research and I am trying to establish a city wide microclimate network with open source data and hardware. As this is an individual work I spent 3 years building the sensor design and also the 3D modelling of a solar radiation proof enclosure, and I have validated the iteration of sensors colocated to a Davis weather station and another 8 locations in London (colocated with the commercial LoRa sensors) for one year under different weather conditions, this will all be presented in the accepted paper. I do get lots of encouragement and support from the public, as this research was partially funded by the mayor office and also demonstrated to her royal highness during her visit to UCL. The most challenging part of this research is to expand to a wider network, which is really constrained by the coverage as I found in the filed trip over the years, as we only offer free sensors/stevenson screens but can not provide gateway for everyone, I thought posting here would be helpful assuming people already have a gateway are interested in weather/ how air temp/humidity affect LoRa link characteristics. But since the post was published I don’t get any sign up but a few offensive and discouraging voices, this is really sad for me. I now understand why people say I post to the wrong place.

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Why did you try to approach the council and see if you can use street poles or mounting your sensors?

I NYC their is a project monitor for flooding, they are deploying an street poles (lights and traffic) throughout the city.

As I said, asking people who already do this sort of thing to host a sensor and the traffic on this forum is mostly on-demand - people post questions & announcements as required - there are only a handful of regular visitors so you won’t have got the coverage you may have thought you would. If you consider the number of TTN gateways worldwide and the number in London, that would give you a rough idea of what percentage of forum users may be able to consider your proposition.

No one was aiming to be offensive, definitely a misfire in wording by another non-native English speaker who suffers from students using LLMs day in day out, something I fully appreciate myself having just facilitated & funded a science project to measure temperature & humidity from the ground to 32,000m that was beset with ‘interesting’ content in the write-ups by students using LLMs to jazz up their writing, ending up with some absurd conclusions.

On this forum we occasionally get people posting in native language and we have to ask them to use Google Translate as forum policy is English first. And we get plenty of confusion with posts related to nomenclature and the wrong adjectives. It is a common hazard of a world-wide forum that I see on the others I use as well, Arduino, Heltec, RAK and more. It’s not personal.

The irony is that @stevencellist actually runs a similar project to yours with his students looking at air quality.

Maybe a bit discouraging? Or perhaps realistic? Maybe a bit naive to land an announcement without paving the way in advance by talking about what you are doing and hope to achieve and how LW users in London could help, before launching? That way, those of us that do environmental monitoring could have contributed to your thinking and you’d have understood the tone & dynamics & makeup of the community you wanted to address. These are things we learn as we travel through life.

I am sure you get great feedback from the public, many of whom have no idea how such things could work, whereas the audience here knows rather more than most. I too have met The Princess Royal but that was to say thank you for my technical work on a charity project, not validate or endorse it. I can imagine that feedback here felt very different. Such is life, you present a solution to one group, they love it, but the next presentation falls on fallow ground or even outright opposition.

This wasn’t mentioned previously. Will you be including the RSSI & SNR on the map &/or providing a download of data &/or doing this analysis.

I’m not sure who these people might be, but as I’ve suggested above, coming to a worldwide technical forum is a whole different audience than people living & working in London.

Not science but London for me (I’m near Manchester) is a remove one clothing layer city, go up to Edinburgh, it’s add one layer. But generally the urban heat in London I find oppressive in summer so just try to avoid - the concrete traps so much heat that there is no letup. I can easily imagine that this issue has huge health consequences for many people.

To that end, I believe your research is hugely valuable and I commend you on creating a device, coding it, designing an appropriate enclosure & building the website - very much a multi-disciplinary project. The need for more up to date & accessible toolkits was discussed at the recent Open Source Hardware conference which I am actively pursuing a followup as both myself & @stevencellist have expertise & the inclination to work on this. One of the presenters, Jo Walsh, is based at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and is looking to run workshops this year. You can see the presentation here.

As @Jeff-UK points out, the Microchip modules are somewhat dated - they work fine but are exactly the sort of dichotomy raised in discussions at the OSHWA conference - generally available hardware is a little more expensive and up to date and easier to code for. So making such a hardware design a key element of your paper would be contra-indicated. But the concept of evaluating the use of low-cost battery driven long range radio sensors to collect temperature data at a fine-grained level, presumably mapped to the surrounding build materials or ground cover, feels likely to bring new insights in to how the built environment should be changed to manage climate more effectively.

This looks to have been a rather harsh introduction to a different part of the IoT sensing eco-system for you. Maybe take time to reflect on how things are different in different user groups, maybe ask questions to sound out those differences & build different approaches to accommodate them.

In the meanwhile, you’ve about 2 weeks left before schools close, I’d just find some near to gateways and drop in on them with a sensor and ask to put it up somewhere in the grounds.

Only on the ones that have space, most of them have gunshot triangulation microphones on them :man_shrugging:

I picked up a signal that Ms. Mandy might cross the Canal, so if schedules allow, happy to catch up and share experiences from the project linked by Nick above. In the process of finalising my thesis so the documentation of the “side project” hasn’t seen the love it deserves, website is a bit old by now. So feel free to reach out for the latest news, opinions & conclusions :slight_smile:

Ha, what a glorious mix we have here.

For those not in the know, what the Dutch call The Canal is properly called The English Channel where the Roast Beefs (how the French occasionally refer to the British) try to fish and previously sank Spanish warships using cannons powered by Chinese gunpowder technology.

A country with strict gun laws, eish :see_no_evil: :hear_no_evil: :speak_no_evil:

Hi thanks for your reply, I do have 43 sensors on lamp posts/trees with the help of local authorities, they are not showing on the map. The cooperation took longer than 6 months to establish. I think I am reaching the best amount I can do within the LoRaWAN coverage and given the timeline for my PhD so that’s why I am turning to citizen scientists….

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Hi Nick thanks a lot! Yes that’s what my PhD is aiming for, to tackle the data gaps and sensor desserts especially for areas that’s not very wealthy. I have roughly 79 sensors deployed now and some are not showing on the map. I try to validate the sensor system and also study urban Heat islands, heatwave, microclimate at hyperlocal, local and city wide scale, that’s why I need a wider deployment across London. There is no more deployments I can do with the authority, and as you know this is an individual project so I did carry a ladder and mount all the sensors myself in the past three years, also maintaining the sensors(replacing batteries for my 1st iteration) so that’s already too much repeating labor for me, that’s why I want the citizen science approach to release the “center node” workload. Thanks for the information you provided, is there any other thing we can do or I can just draw a conclusion in my PhD that we still need to increase public awareness and improve the coverage?

Hi Steve, I am arriving tomorrow afternoon and leaving on Friday for the international conference of urban climate in Rotterdam with my third supervisor and his team. If you are around we can meet up for a coffee chat with/without my supervisor to discuss more? Sounds good?

Aww, the conference has no free access for students nor teachers. Would’ve been sweet. Will check the calendar to see if there’s a free evening and let you know privately if there’s an option.